Affiliation:
1. Sciences Po, Center for Socio‐Political Data (CDSP) CNRS France
2. Sciences Po and IR* Progedo CNRS France
Abstract
AbstractFrance, in 2023, experienced continuing polarization. Unable to build a majority after the legislative elections of 2022 and facing a fragmented opposition with no capacity to propose an alternative majority, President Macron managed to sustain a minority government throughout the year. Outside of the parliamentary arena, polarization led to a series of social protests, particularly triggered by the pension reform and the immigration bills.
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