1. Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Education South China Normal University Guangzhou China
2. School of International Studies Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
3. Department of Curriculum and Instruction University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
4. Department of Psychological and Quantitative Foundations University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa USA
5. School of Information Technology in Education South China Normal University Guangzhou China