Phylogenomic analysis of protein‐coding genes resolves complex gall wasp relationships

Author:

Hearn Jack1ORCID,Gobbo Erik23ORCID,Nieves‐Aldrey José Luis4ORCID,Branca Antoine5ORCID,Nicholls James A.6ORCID,Koutsovoulos Georgios7ORCID,Lartillot Nicolas8ORCID,Stone Graham N.7ORCID,Ronquist Fredrik23ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Centre for Epidemiology and Planetary Health Scotland's Rural College Inverness UK

2. Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics Swedish Museum of Natural History Stockholm Sweden

3. Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden

4. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC) Madrid Spain

5. UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, IRD, CNRS Université Paris‐Saclay Gif‐sur‐Yvette France

6. Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Canberra Australia

7. Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK

8. Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Lyon France

Abstract

AbstractGall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) comprise 13 distinct tribes whose interrelationships remain incompletely understood. Recent analyses of ultra‐conserved elements (UCEs) represent the first attempt at resolving these relationships using phylogenomics. Here, we present the first analysis based on protein‐coding sequences from genome and transcriptome assemblies. Unlike UCEs, these data allow more sophisticated substitution models, which can potentially resolve issues with long‐branch attraction. We include data for 37 cynipoid species, including two tribes missing in the UCE analysis: Aylacini (s. str.) and Qwaqwaiini. Our results confirm the UCE result that Cynipidae are not monophyletic. Specifically, the Paraulacini and Diplolepidini + Pediaspidini fall outside a core clade (Cynipidae s. str.), which is more closely related to the insect‐parasitic Figitidae, and this result is robust to the exclusion of long‐branch taxa that could mislead the analysis. Given this, we here divide the Cynipidae into three families: the Paraulacidae stat. prom., Diplolepididae stat. prom. and Cynipidae (s. str.). Our results suggest that the Eschatocerini are the sister group of the remaining Cynipidae (s. str.). Within the Cynipidae (s. str.), the Aylacini (s. str.) are more closely related to oak gall wasps (Cynipini) and some of their inquilines (Ceroptresini) than to other herb gallers (Aulacideini and Phanacidini), and the Qwaqwaiini likely form a clade together with Synergini (s. str.) and Rhoophilini. Several alternative scenarios for the evolution of cynipid life histories are compatible with the relationships suggested by our analysis, but all are complex and require multiple shifts among parasitoids, inquilines and gall inducers.

Funder

Agence Nationale de la Recherche

Natural Environment Research Council

Vetenskapsrådet

National Science Council

Publisher

Wiley

Subject

Insect Science,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

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