1. Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
2. Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
3. Tomakomai Experimental Forest Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere Hokkaido University Takaoka Japan
4. Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
5. Center for Ecological Research Kyoto University Otsu Japan
6. Faculty of Environmental Earth Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan