Particle creation in FLRW higher dimensional universe with gravitational and cosmological constants

Abstract

We study the mechanism of particle creation in the higher dimensional FLRW-type cosmological models by using variable cosmological and gravitational constants. The solution of the corresponding field equations is obtained by assuming a linear function of the Hubble parameter (H) (i.e., q = α + βH) (Dixit et al. Pramana. J. Phys. 94, 25 (2020). doi: 10.1007/s12043-019-1884-2 ), which gives a scale factor [Formula: see text], where k and β are positive constants. Here we consider the time-dependent higher-dimensional field equations, including the general formulation of particle creation and entropy generation mechanisms. We also investigate a few quantities, such as the deceleration parameter q, particle creation rate ψ, the entropy S, the cosmological constant Λ, Newton’s gravitational constant G, and the energy density ρ, and discuss their physical significance. We have observed that all quantities, except the gravitational constant (G) and the entropy (S), decrease with time in all dimensions characteristically. However, the entropy S and the gravitational constant G increase with time. Additionally, we have also discussed the look-back time, luminosity distance, distance modulus, and age of the universe with redshift z and observed the role of particle formation in universe evolution in early and late times. For the derived model, we have calculated various physical parameters, which are in good agreement with the recent observations.