The Evolution of a Higher-Dimensional FRW Universe with Variable G and Λ and Particle Creation

Abstract

Using an open thermodynamic systems theory, the effect of particle creation on the evolution and dynamics of the standard cosmological FLRW model in a higher-dimensional spacetime with functionally dependent cosmological and gravitational constants Λ and G is investigated. The gravitational field equations have been transformed into a dimensionless system of non-linear, first-order, coupled differential equations (DEs) as functions of the universe’s density parameters Ωi and rate of particle creation Ψ in redshift space, which can be numerically casted. Two cosmological models are obtained, depending on the choice of particle creation rate—Ψ∼H2 and Ψ∼n2 for dust-, radiation- and dark-energy-dominated universes, respectively. The dynamic behaviour of each model is discussed.