1. Centre d’études nordiques, Département de géologie et de génie géologique, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
2. Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E8, Canada.
3. State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Cold and Arid Regions Environment and Engineering Research Institute (CAREERI), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou (Gansu), 730000, China.