Ghrelin receptor agonist hexarelin attenuates antinociceptive tolerance to morphine in rats

Abstract

Ghrelin, a peptide hormone released from the gastric endocrine glands, shows analgesic activity apart from its various physiological effects. Nevertheless, the effects of ghrelin receptor (GHS-R) agonists on morphine analgesia and tolerance have not yet been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the ghrelin receptor agonist hexarelin and antagonist [d-Lys3]-GHRP-6 on morphine antinociception and tolerance in rats. A total of 104 Wistar albino male adult rats (weighing approximately 220–240 g) were used in the experiments. To induce morphine tolerance, a three-day cumulative dose regimen was used in the rats. Then, randomly selected rats were evaluated for morphine tolerance on day 4. The analgesic effects of hexarelin (0.2 mg·kg–1), [d-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (10 mg·kg–1), and morphine (5 mg·kg–1) were measured at 30-min intervals (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min) by tail-flick and hot-plate analgesia tests. The findings suggest that hexarelin in combination with morphine attenuates analgesic tolerance to morphine. On the other hand, ghrelin receptor antagonist [d-Lys3]-GHRP-6 has no significant analgesic activity on the morphine tolerance in analgesia tests. Furthermore, co-administration of hexarelin and morphine increases the analgesic effect. In conclusion, these data indicate that administration of GHS-R agonist hexarelin with morphine enhances the antinociception and attenuates morphine tolerance.