Loss of Activity-Induced Mitochondrial ATP Production Underlies the Synaptic Defects in aDrosophilaModel of ALS

Abstract

Mutations in the gene encoding vesicle-associated membrane protein B (VAPB) cause a familial form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Expression of an ALS-related variant ofvapb(vapbP58S) inDrosophilamotor neurons results in morphologic changes at the larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) characterized by the appearance of fewer, but larger, presynaptic boutons. Although diminished microtubule stability is known to underlie these morphologic changes, a mechanism for the loss of presynaptic microtubules has been lacking. By studying flies of both sexes, we demonstrate the suppression ofvapbP58S-induced changes in NMJ morphology by either a loss of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+release channels or the inhibition Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-activated kinase II (CaMKII). These data suggest that decreased stability of presynaptic microtubules atvapbP58SNMJs results from hyperactivation of CaMKII because of elevated cytosolic [Ca2+]. We attribute the Ca2+dyshomeostasis to delayed extrusion of cytosolic Ca2+. Suggesting that this defect in Ca2+extrusion arose from an insufficient response to the bioenergetic demand of neural activity, depolarization-induced mitochondrial ATP production was diminished invapbP58Sneurons. These findings point to bioenergetic dysfunction as a potential cause for the synaptic defects invapbP58S-expressing motor neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWhether the synchrony between the rates of ATP production and demand is lost in degenerating neurons remains poorly understood. We report that expression of a gene equivalent to an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-causing variant of vesicle-associated membrane protein B (VAPB) in fly neurons decouples mitochondrial ATP production from neuronal activity. Consequently, levels of ATP in mutant neurons are unable to keep up with the bioenergetic burden of neuronal activity. Reduced rate of Ca2+extrusion, which could result from insufficient energy to power Ca2+ATPases, results in the accumulation of residual Ca2+in mutant neurons and leads to alterations in synaptic vesicle (SV) release and synapse development. These findings suggest that synaptic defects in a model of ALS arise from the loss of activity-induced ATP production.