Evaluating the Renal Toxicity Profile of Moringa oleifera Seed: Associating its Wide Consumption with Renal Failure – Subacute In vivo Study

Abstract

Background: The alarming rate of kidney failure in Africa and Asia could be associated with wide levels of consumption of Moringa oleifera seed preparations in the continent. Objectives: The study aims to ascertain the phytochemicals in aqueous and ethanol extracts of M. oleifera seed and determine how its consumption affects the histopathology and function of the kidney. Materials and Methods: Albino rats (32) about 7 weeks old and weight, 120 g each, were divided into Groups 1–8, using nonprobability sampling technique. The rats in Groups 2–8 were fed daily, 100 mg, 200 mg, 400 mg, 800 mg, 1600 mg, 3200 mg, and 6400 mg/kg body weight of M. oleifera seed powder dissolved in 2 mL of distilled water, respectively, for 9 days, with the aid of a syringe and cannula. Group 1 (control) received 2 mL of distilled water daily. On the 8th day, two rats were randomly selected from Group 8 and fed with 15,000 mg/kg body weight (Group 9). Results: The seed has moderate alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, and terpenoids concentrations, and it is rich in carbohydrates, protein (aromatic amino acids), and oil. The renal tissues of rats in Groups 3–9 were distorted and necrosed. The rats in Groups 6–9 had an appreciable reduction in concentrations of blood creatinine and urea, and mortality was recorded in Groups 8 and 9. Discussion and Conclusion: Although subacute consumption of 100 mg/kg body weight daily of M. oleifera seed could not distort the renal architecture, blood electrolytes, creatinine, or urea concentration of the rats, relatively high-grade level of consumption could precipitate renal failure. An urgent need to standardize the consumption of the seed preparations of the “miracle plant” is required.