1. Oppenheim, P. and Putnam, H. (1958) Unity of science as a working hypothesis. in Concepts, Theories, and the Mind-Body Problem (Feigl, H., Scriven, M. and Maxwell, G., eds.), Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. II, pp. 3–36, on p. 7, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
2. Mill, J.S. (1843/1973) A System of Logic, reprinted 1973, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, p. 371
3. Ibid., p. 371f.
4. Lewes, G.H. (1874/1875) Problems of Life and Mind, vol. 1–2, London: Trübner & Co, Ludgate Hill. Mill had introduced a similar notion, heteropathic effects, in his 1843 A System of Logic. Although Mill's chapter ‘On the Composition of Causes’ is often cited as the origin of the notion of emergence, it is Lewes’ term ‘emergence’ introduced in his 1875 Problems of Life and Mind that has become dominant in later discussions of anti-reductionism. On the development of the concept of emergence, see Stephan, A. (1992) Emergence – A Systematic View on its Historical Facets. In Emergence or Reduction? Essays on the Prospects of Nonreductive Physicalism (Beckermann, A., Flohr, H. and Kim, J., eds.), Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 25–48
5. The Science and Philosophy of the Organism;Driesch,1908