1. For reviews on the palladium-catalysed Heck reaction, see: (a) Heck, R. F. Palladium Reagents in Organic Syntheses, Katritzky, A. R.; Meth-Cohn, O.; Rees, C. W., Eds.; Academic Press: London, 1985, p. 2.; (b) Heck, R. F. In Comprehensive Organic Synthesis, Trost, B. M.; Fleming, I., Eds. Vinyl Substitution with Organopalladium Intermediates. Pergamon: Oxford, 1991; Vol. 4; (c) de Meijere, A.; Meyer, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 2379; (d) Malleron, J.-L.; Fiaud, J.-C.; Legros, J.-Y. Handbook of Palladium-Catalysed Organic Reactions; Academic Press: London, 1997; (e) Reetz, M. T. Transition Metal Catalysed Reactions; Davies, S. G.; Murahashi, S.-I., Eds.; Blackwell Science: Oxford, 1999; (f) Beletskaya, I.; Cheprakov, A. Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 3009; (g) Withcombe, N.; Hii (Mimi), K. K.; Gibson, S. Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 7449; (h) Littke, A.; Fu, G. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 4176.
2. For examples of Heck reaction using aryl halides and linear alkenes, see: (a) Larock, R.; Leung, W.-Y.; Stolz-Dunn, S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 6629; (b) Mabic, S.; Lepoittevin, J.-P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 1705; (c) Bräse, S.; Rümper, J.; Voigt, K.; Albecq, S.; Thurau, G.; Villard, R.; Waegell, B.; de Meijere, A. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 671; (d) Littke, A.; Fu, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 6989.
3. For examples of Heck reaction using aryl halides and cyclic alkenes, see: (a) Larock, R.; Baker, B. Tetrahedron Lett. 1988, 29, 905; (b) Larock, R.; Gong, W.; Baker, B. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 2603; (c) Larock, R.; Gong, W. J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 2047; (d) Hillers, S.; Sartori, S.; Reiser, O. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 2087; (e) Gron, L.; Tinsley, A. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 227; (f) Hartung, C.; Köhler, K.; Beller, M. Org. Lett. 1999, 1, 709; (g) Djakovitch, L.; Koehler, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5990; (h) Buechner, I.; Metz, P. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 5381.
4. For recent examples of Heck reactions catalysed by palladacycles, see: (a) Herrmann, W. A.; Brossmer, C.; Öfele, K.; Reisinger, C.; Riermeier, T.; Beller, M.; Fisher, H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1844; (b) Herrmann, W. A.; Brossmer, C.; Reisinger, C.; Riermeier, T.; Öfele, K.; Beller, M. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1357; (c) Ohff, M.; Ohff, A.; Boom, M.; Milstein, D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 11687; (d) Albisson, D.; Bedford, R.; Scully, P. N. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 9793; (e) Ohff, M.; Ohff, A.; Milstein, D. Chem. Commun. 1999, 357; (f) Miyazaki, F.; Yamaguchi, K.; Shibasaki, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 7379; (g) Bergbreiter, D.; Osburn, P.; Liu, Y.-S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 9531; (h) Gai, X.; Grigg, R.; Ramzan, I.; Sridharan, V.; Collard, S.; Muir, J. Chem. Commun. 2000, 2053; (i) Gibson, S.; Foster, D.; Eastham, D.; Tooze, R.; Cole-Hamilton, D. Chem. Commun. 2001, 779; (j) Iyer, S.; Jayanthi, A. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 7877.
5. SYNTHESIS OF POLYPODAL DIPHENYLPHOSPHINE LIGANDS. A REVIEW