Antagonistic effects of atipamezole, flumazenil and 4-aminopyridine against anaesthesia with medetomidine, midazolam and ketamine combination in cats

Abstract

Antagonistic effects of atipamezole (ATI), flumazenil (FLU) and 4-aminopyridine (4AP) alone and in various combinations after administration of medetomidine–midazolam–ketamine (MED–MID–KET) were evaluated in cats. Animals were anaesthetised with MED (50 μg/kg), MID (0.5 mg/kg) and KET (10 mg/kg) given intramuscularly. Twenty minutes later, physiological saline, ATI (200 μg/kg), FLU (0.1 mg/kg), 4AP (0.5 mg/kg), ATI–FLU, FLU–4AP, ATI–4AP or ATI–FLU–4AP was administered intravenously. FLU, 4AP alone, or FLU–4AP did not effectively antagonise the anaesthesia, hypothermia, bradycardia, and bradypnoea induced by MED–MID–KET. ATI alone was effective. ATI–FLU, ATI–4AP and ATI–FLU–4AP combinations produced an immediate and effective recovery from anaesthesia. The combination of ATI–FLU–4AP was the most effective in antagonising the anaesthetic effects, but was associated with tachycardia, tachypnoea, excitement, and muscle tremors. Combinations with ATI are more effective for antagonising anaesthesia, but ATI–FLU–4AP is not suitable.