1. Australian Standard AS2074-1982, Steel Castings.
2. American Association of Railroads: Manual of Standards and Recommended Practices Specification M 201 92 Steel Castings-Grade E, Rev. 1992.
3. Bowey, R. BHP Institute of Railway Technology, Unpublished Research; 2002.
4. Boelen, R. AE Crack Detection in Orecar Couplers. Rep. No. Monash/RT/2000/011, August 2000.
5. ASM Metals Handbook Vol 19. Fatigue and fracture, American Society for Metals. p 623–4.