Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial non-coding RNA genes involved in diverse cellular processes. However, the mechanisms underlying their emergence and functions remain incompletely understood. A major challenge in the field is to understand how lncRNA sequences affect their function. In recent years, comprehensive genetic and genomic studies have started to unfold the function of lncRNAs through their interactions, cellular organization, and structure. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate interplay between lncRNA sequences and their functional implications. Unlike other RNA types, lncRNAs exhibit a complex syntax, employing diverse functional elements such as protein recognition and miRNA binding sites, repeat elements, secondary structures, and non-canonical interactions with RNA and DNA binding proteins. By unraveling the hidden language that governs the function and classification of lncRNAs, we aim to shed light on the underlying principles shaping their diverse functions. Through a detailed examination of the intricate relationship between lncRNA sequences and their biological effects, this review offers insights into the sequences underlying lncRNA functionality. Understanding the unique sequence characteristics and functional elements employed by lncRNAs has the potential to advance our knowledge of gene regulation and cellular processes, providing a foundation for the development of novel therapeutic strategies and targeted interventions.