Abstract
Non-nutritive sweetener (NNS) use has increased exponentially over the last 30 years as industrialized countries attempted, and failed, to battle obesity epidemics. Large studies have now shown that consumption of NNS’s does not help obese individuals lose weight. A large number of scientific studies on NNS’s effects have many conflicting results, methodological issues, conflicts of interest, while double blind studies represent a small minority of the studies. NNS’s have often been considered as a group despite having unique in vivo absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Aspartame may be the most desirable NNS due to its rapid degradation in vivo, whereas saccharin and sucralose are worrisome due to their extended stability in vivo. This review will focus on the most ubiquitous NNS’s: aspartame, saccharin, acesulfame-K, sucralose, stevia, sugar alcohols (sorbitol, xylitol, and erythritol), and discuss their different chemical structures, metabolism, effect on the gut biome and cancer.
Reference140 articles.
1. Sylvetsky AC, Jin Y, Clark EJ, Welsh JA, Rother KI, Talegawkar SA. Consumption of Low-Calorie Sweeteners among Children and Adults in the United States. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2017 Mar;117(3):441-448.e2
2. Sylvetsky AC, Welsh JA, Brown RJ, Vos MB. Low-calorie sweetener consumption is increasing in the United States123. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2012 Sep;96(3):640-646
3. Global Artificial Sweetener Market Report 2019: Market Set to Reach $9.7 Billion by 2024 - ResearchAndMarkets.com [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Jun 15]. Available from: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190719005180/en/Global-Artificial-Sweetener-Market-Report-2019-Market
4. Malek AM, Hunt KJ, DellaValle DM, Greenberg D, St Peter JV, Marriott BP. Reported Consumption of Low-Calorie Sweetener in Foods, Beverages, and Food and Beverage Additions by US Adults: NHANES 2007-2012. Curr Dev Nutr. 2018 Sep;2(9):nzy054
5. Kim Y, Keogh JB, Clifton PM. Non-nutritive Sweeteners and Glycaemic Control. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2019 19;21(12):49