Phosphite-induced reactive oxygen species production and ethylene and ABA biosynthesis, mediate the control of Phytophthora capsici in pepper (Capsicum annuum)

Abstract

Phytophthora capsici is an oomycete pathogen with a broad host range that inflicts significant damage in vegetables. Phosphite (Phi) is used to control oomycete diseases, but the molecular mechanisms underlying Phi-induced resistance to P. capsici are unknown. Thus, Phi-inhibited mycelial growth on strain LT1534 and primed host defence were analysed. We demonstrated that Phi (>5 µg mL–1) had a direct antibiotic effect on mycelial growth and zoospore production, and that mortality and DNA content were significantly reduced by pre-treatment with Phi. In addition, elevated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) promoted callose deposition and increased the levels of soluble proteins and Capsicum annuum L. pathogenesis-related 1 (CaPR1) expression. Furthermore, Phi (1 g L–1) significantly increased the transcription of the antioxidant enzyme genes, and the genes involved in ethylene (ET) and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis, as well as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. However, pre-treatment with reactive oxygen species (ROS), ABA and ET biosynthesis inhibitors decreased Phi-induced resistance and reduced the expression of ABA-responsive 1 (CaABR1) and lipoxygenase 1 (CaLOX1). In addition, the decreased ROS and ABA inhibited Phi-induced expression of CaMPK17–1. We propose that Phi-induced ROS production, ET and ABA biosynthesis mediate the control of P. capsici, and that ABA functions through CaMPK17–1-mediated MAPK signalling.