Affiliation:
1. Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
2. Aix-Marseille Université and CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM - UMR7288), and Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
3. Collège de France, Paris, France;
Abstract
Patterns are ubiquitous in living systems and underlie the dynamic organization of cells, tissues, and embryos. Mathematical frameworks have been devised to account for the self-organization of biological patterns, most famously the Turing framework. Patterns can be defined in space, for example, to form stripes; in time, such as during oscillations; or both, to form traveling waves. The formation of these patterns can have different origins: purely chemical, purely mechanical, or a combination of the two. Beyond the variety of molecular implementations of such patterns, we emphasize the unitary principles associated with them, across scales in space and time, within a general mechanochemical framework. We illustrate where such mechanisms of pattern formation arise in biological systems from cellular to tissue scales, with an emphasis on morphogenesis. Our goal is to convey a picture of pattern formation that draws attention to the principles rather than solely to specific molecular mechanisms.
Subject
Cell Biology,Developmental Biology
Cited by
33 articles.
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