Perioperative Pharmacodynamics of Acetaminophen Analgesia in Children

Abstract

Background There are no adequate pharmacodynamic data relating concentrations of acetaminophen in serum to analgesia. Methods Children undergoing outpatient tonsillectomy were administered acetaminophen either orally, 0.5-1.0 h preoperatively (n = 20), or per rectum at induction of anesthesia (n = 100). No other analgesic agents were administered. Individual concentrations of acetaminophen in serum and pain scores (0-10) measured over a 4-h postoperative period were analyzed using a nonlinear mixed-effects model (NONMEM). Results Mean (% CV) estimates of population pharmacokinetic parameters with percent coefficient of variation, standardized to a 70-kg person, for a one-compartment model with first-order input, lag time, and first order-elimination were a volume of distribution of 60 (21) 1 and a clearance of 13.5 (46) 1/h. Rectally administered acetaminophen had an absorption half-life of 35 (63) min with a lag time of 40 min. The absorption half-life for the oral preparation was 4.5 (63) min without a detectable lag time. The relative bioavailability of the rectal compared with the oral formulation was 0.54. The equilibration half-time of an effect compartment was 1.6 (131) h. Pharmacodynamic population parameter estimates (percent coefficient of variation) for a fractional sigmoidal Emax model, in which the greatest possible pain relief equates to an Emax of 1, were Emax = 1, EC50 (the concentration producing 50% of Emax) = 3.4 (94) mg/l, and Hill coefficient = 0.54 (42). Conclusions The pharmacodynamics of acetaminophen can be described using a sigmoidal Emax model with a low Hill coefficient. To achieve a mean posttonsillectomy pain score of 3.6 of 10, an effect compartment concentration of 10 mg/l is necessary.