Psychosocial Burden of Pediatric and Adult Patients With Congenital Versus Traumatic Facial Differences

Abstract

Background Psychiatric distress and its effects on healthcare utilization in pediatric patients with congenital and traumatic facial differences remain poorly understood. This study analyzes the psychosocial burden along with mental health and reconstructive surgery services utilization of this patient population in comparison with adult patients with such facial differences. Methods The 2004–2012 Medical Expenditures Panel Survey was queried for all patients with facial differences. Socioeconomic variables, Patient Health Questionnaire 2 and Kessler 6 scores, responses from validated screening surveys, and utilization of mental health and reconstructive surgery (ie, plastic surgery and otolaryngology) services were compared between pediatric and adult patients with congenital and traumatic facial differences. Results Children ages 5 to 12 years were more likely to be affected by facial trauma, whereas adolescents aged 13 to 17 years were more affected by congenital facial conditions. Pediatric patients with congenital facial conditions had higher rates of medical care, education, and special therapy utilization (P < 0.0001), although their facial trauma counterparts used mental health services more often (P < 0.0001). In adults, more facial trauma patients reported poorer perceived mental health status (P = 0.01). Among patients with any facial difference, distressed adult patients were less likely to see a reconstructive surgeon even when controlling for socioeconomic variables (0.55 [0.31–0.97], P = 0.04). Conclusions In the pediatric population, psychosocial considerations should include both age and etiology of facial differences to best optimize care. Among adults with facial trauma, poor mental health may contribute to lower rates of surgical follow-up, highlighting a potential benefit for provision of mental health services earlier for these patient populations.