Dimethyl Malonate Protects the Lung in a Murine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Succinate is a pro-inflammatory citric acid cycle metabolite that accumulates in tissues during pathophysiological states. Oxidation of succinate after ischemia-reperfusion leads to reversal of the electron transport chain and generation of reactive oxygen species. Dimethyl malonate (DMM) is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase, which has been shown to reduce succinate accumulation. We hypothesized that DMM would protect against inflammation in a murine model of ARDS. Methods C57BL/6 mice were given ARDS via 67.7 ug of intra-tracheally administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS). DMM (50 mg/kg) was administered via tail vein injection 30 minutes after injury, then daily for 3 days. The animals were sacrificed on day 4 after bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). BAL cell counts were performed to examine cellular influx. Supernatant protein was quantified via Bradford protein assay. Animals receiving DMM (n = 8) were compared to those receiving sham injection (n = 8). Cells were fixed and stained with FITC-labelled wheat germ agglutinin to quantify the endothelial glycocalyx (EGX). Results Total cell counts in BAL was less for animals receiving DMM (6.93 x 106 vs. 2.46 x 106, p = 0.04). The DMM group had less BAL macrophages (168.6 vs. 85.1, p = 0.04) and lymphocytes (527.7 vs. 248.3; p = 0.04). DMM treated animals had less protein leak in BAL than sham treated (1.48 vs. 1.15 ug/ul, p = 0.03). Treatment with DMM resulted in greater staining intensity of the EGX in the lung when compared to sham (12,016 vs. 15,186 Arbitrary Units, p = 0.03). Untreated animals had a greater degree of weight loss than treated animals (3.7% vs. 1.1%, p = 0.04). DMM prevented the upregulation of MCP-1 (1.66 vs. 0.92 RE, p = 0.02) and ICAM-1 (1.40 vs. 1.01 RE, p = 0.05). Conclusions DMM reduces lung inflammation and capillary leak in ARDS. This may be mediated by protection of the EGX and inhibition of MCP-1 and ICAM-1. DMM may be a novel therapeutic for ARDS.