Oxidative stress’s impact on red blood cells: Unveiling implications for health and disease

Abstract

Oxidative stress, a condition characterized by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the body’s ability to detoxify them, has emerged as a pivotal factor in the pathophysiology of various diseases. Red blood cells (RBCs), essential components of the circulatory system, are particularly susceptible to oxidative damage due to their high oxygen-carrying capacity and the abundance of vulnerable biomolecules. This review comprehensively explores the intricate mechanisms underlying oxidative stress-induced damage to red blood cells and the subsequent implications for overall health and disease. We delve into the sources of ROS generation within RBCs, including metabolic processes and external factors, shedding light on the delicate redox balance that governs cellular homeostasis. The impact of oxidative stress on red blood cells extends beyond the confines of their primary physiological role, as these cells actively participate in immune responses, inflammation modulation, and nitric oxide metabolism. Consequently, understanding the implications of oxidative stress on RBCs provides valuable insights into the broader landscape of health and disease. In conclusion, this review underscores the critical role of oxidative stress in influencing red blood cell physiology and its far-reaching implications for human health. Elucidating the molecular intricacies of this relationship not only enhances our understanding of fundamental biological processes but also paves the way for the development of targeted therapeutic interventions to mitigate the adverse effects of oxidative stress on red blood cells and, by extension, on overall health.