1. Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
2. Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental (NUANCE) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
3. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji’nan 250061, China.
4. Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
5. Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
6. State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.
7. Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
8. Departments of Physics, Biopharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
9. Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.