1. Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
2. Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, N21 W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.
3. Global Station for Arctic Research, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.
4. Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, N10W5 Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.
5. Environmental Defense Fund, New York, NY 10010, USA.
6. San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission, 455 Golden Gate Avenue, Suite 10600, San Francisco, CA 94102, USA.
7. National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA.
8. Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL57PY, UK.