Estimating the global conservation status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species

Author:

ter Steege Hans12,Pitman Nigel C. A.34,Killeen Timothy J.5ORCID,Laurance William F.6,Peres Carlos A.7,Guevara Juan Ernesto89,Salomão Rafael P.10ORCID,Castilho Carolina V.11ORCID,Amaral Iêda Leão12,de Almeida Matos Francisca Dionízia12,de Souza Coelho Luiz12ORCID,Magnusson William E.13,Phillips Oliver L.14ORCID,de Andrade Lima Filho Diogenes12,de Jesus Veiga Carim Marcelo15,Irume Mariana Victória12,Martins Maria Pires12ORCID,Molino Jean-François16,Sabatier Daniel16ORCID,Wittmann Florian17,López Dairon Cárdenas18,da Silva Guimarães José Renan15,Mendoza Abel Monteagudo19,Vargas Percy Núñez20,Manzatto Angelo Gilberto21,Reis Neidiane Farias Costa22ORCID,Terborgh John4ORCID,Casula Katia Regina22,Montero Juan Carlos1223,Feldpausch Ted R.1424ORCID,Honorio Coronado Euridice N.1425ORCID,Montoya Alvaro Javier Duque26,Zartman Charles Eugene12,Mostacedo Bonifacio27ORCID,Vasquez Rodolfo19,Assis Rafael L.28,Medeiros Marcelo Brilhante29,Simon Marcelo Fragomeni29,Andrade Ana30,Camargo José Luís30ORCID,Laurance Susan G. W.6,Nascimento Henrique Eduardo Mendonça12,Marimon Beatriz S.31,Marimon Ben-Hur31,Costa Flávia13ORCID,Targhetta Natalia28,Vieira Ima Célia Guimarães10,Brienen Roel14,Castellanos Hernán32,Duivenvoorden Joost F.33,Mogollón Hugo F.34ORCID,Piedade Maria Teresa Fernandez28,Aymard C. Gerardo A.35,Comiskey James A.36,Damasco Gabriel8ORCID,Dávila Nállarett37,García-Villacorta Roosevelt3839,Diaz Pablo Roberto Stevenson40ORCID,Vincentini Alberto13,Emilio Thaise1341ORCID,Levis Carolina1342,Schietti Juliana13ORCID,Souza Priscila13,Alonso Alfonso43,Dallmeier Francisco43ORCID,Ferreira Leandro Valle10ORCID,Neill David44,Araujo-Murakami Alejandro45,Arroyo Luzmila45ORCID,Carvalho Fernanda Antunes13ORCID,Souza Fernanda Coelho13,Amaral Dário Dantas do10ORCID,Gribel Rogerio46ORCID,Luize Bruno Garcia47ORCID,Pansonato Marcelo Petrati13,Venticinque Eduardo48,Fine Paul8,Toledo Marisol23,Baraloto Chris4950,Cerón Carlos51,Engel Julien52,Henkel Terry W.53,Jimenez Eliana M.54ORCID,Maas Paul55,Mora Maria Cristina Peñuela56,Petronelli Pascal49,Revilla Juan David Cardenas12ORCID,Silveira Marcos57ORCID,Stropp Juliana5859,Thomas-Caesar Raquel60,Baker Tim R.14,Daly Doug61ORCID,Paredes Marcos Ríos62,da Silva Naara Ferreira28,Fuentes Alfredo63,Jørgensen Peter Møller64ORCID,Schöngart Jochen17,Silman Miles R.65ORCID,Arboleda Nicolás Castaño18ORCID,Cintra Bruno Barçante Ladvocat28ORCID,Valverde Fernando Cornejo66,Di Fiore Anthony67ORCID,Phillips Juan Fernando68,van Andel Tinde R.1ORCID,von Hildebrand Patricio69,Barbosa Edelcilio Marques12ORCID,de Matos Bonates Luiz Carlos12ORCID,de Castro Deborah28ORCID,de Sousa Farias Emanuelle70ORCID,Gonzales Therany71,Guillaumet Jean-Louis72ORCID,Hoffman Bruce73,Malhi Yadvinder74,de Andrade Miranda Ires Paula12ORCID,Prieto Adriana75ORCID,Rudas Agustín75,Ruschell Ademir R.76ORCID,Silva Natalino77ORCID,Vela César I. A.78ORCID,Vos Vincent A.7980ORCID,Zent Eglée L.81ORCID,Zent Stanford81ORCID,Cano Angela40,Nascimento Marcelo Trindade82ORCID,Oliveira Alexandre A.83ORCID,Ramirez-Angulo Hirma84,Ramos José Ferreira12ORCID,Sierra Rodrigo85ORCID,Tirado Milton85ORCID,Medina Maria Natalia Umaña86,van der Heijden Geertje87,Torre Emilio Vilanova84,Vriesendorp Corine3ORCID,Wang Ophelia88,Young Kenneth R.89,Baider Claudia8390ORCID,Balslev Henrik91,de Castro Natalia28ORCID,Farfan-Rios William65ORCID,Ferreira Cid12,Mendoza Casimiro9293ORCID,Mesones Italo8ORCID,Torres-Lezama Armando84,Giraldo Ligia Estela Urrego26,Villarroel Daniel45,Zagt Roderick94,Alexiades Miguel N.95,Garcia-Cabrera Karina65ORCID,Hernandez Lionel96ORCID,Huamantupa-Chuquimaco Isau20ORCID,Milliken William97,Cuenca Walter Palacios98,Pansini Susamar99,Pauletto Daniela100ORCID,Arevalo Freddy Ramirez101ORCID,Sampaio Adeilza Felipe99ORCID,Valderrama Sandoval Elvis H.101102ORCID,Gamarra Luis Valenzuela19ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Biodiversity Dynamics, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwin building, Darwinweg 4, Leiden 2300 AA, The Netherlands.

2. Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, Netherlands.

3. Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605–2496, USA.

4. Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC 27708, USA.

5. Agteca-Amazonica, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.

6. Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia.

7. School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.

8. Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3140, USA.

9. Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales, Av. Río Coca E6-115 e Isla Floreana, Quito, Ecuador.

10. Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Av. Magalhaes Barata 376, C.P. 399, Belém, PA 66040–170, Brazil.

11. EMBRAPA – Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima, BR 174, km 8 – Distrito Industrial, Boa Vista, RR 69301–970, Brazil.

12. Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.

13. Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.

14. School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.

15. Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Amapá - IEPA, Av. Feliciano Coelho, 1509. Trem, Macapá, Amapá 68901–025, Brazil.

16. UMR AMAP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), TA 40/PS2, Boulevard de la Lironde, Montpellier Cedex 5 34398, France.

17. Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, Mainz 55128, Germany.

18. Herbario Amazónico Colombiano, Instituto SINCHI, Calle 20 No 5, Bogotá, DF 44, Colombia.

19. Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru.

20. Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Avenida de la Cultura, Nro 733, Cusco, Cuzco, Peru.

21. Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Rodovia BR 364 s/n Km 9,5 - Sentido Acre, Unir, Porto Velho, Rondônia 76.824-027, Brazil.

22. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional e Meio Ambiente PGDRA, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Rodovia BR 364 s/n Km 9,5 - Sentido Acre, Unir, Porto Velho, Rondônia 76.824-028, Brazil.

23. Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Km 9 Carretera al Norte, El Vallecito, FCA-UAGRM, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.

24. College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK.

25. Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Av. José A. Quiñones km. 2.5, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru.

26. Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Calle 64 x Cra 65, Medellín, Antioquia 1027, Colombia.

27. Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.

28. Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.

29. Prédio da Botânica e Ecologia, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estaccao Biologica, Av. W5 Norte, Brasilia, DF 70770–917, Brazil.

30. Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.

31. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil.

32. Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Calle Chile, urbaniz Chilemex, Puerto Ordaz, Bolivar, Venezuela.

33. Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, Amsterdam, Noord Holland 1098 XH, The Netherlands.

34. Endangered Species Coalition, 8530 Geren Rd., Silver Spring, MD 20901, USA.

35. Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), UNELLEZ-Guanare, Guanare, Portuguesa 3350, Venezuela.

36. Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, 120 Chatham Lane, Fredericksburg, VA 22405, USA.

37. Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109, Campinas, SP 13.083-970, Brazil.

38. Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Rd, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK.

39. Royal Botanic Garden of Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK.

40. Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, DF, Colombia.

41. Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK.

42. Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, University of Wageningen, Lumen, building no.100, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, Wageningen 6708 PB, Netherlands.

43. Center for Conservation Education and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, MRC 0705, Washington, DC 20013–7012, USA.

44. Ecosistemas, Biodiversidad y Conservación de Especies, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Km. 2 1/2 vía a Tena (Paso Lateral), Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador.

45. Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Avenida Irala 565 Casilla Post al 2489, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.

46. Diretoria de Pesquisas Científicas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

47. Coordenação de Tecnologia e Inovação, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.

48. Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Campus Universitário - Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN 59072–970, Brazil.

49. UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Campus agronomique, Kourou Cedex 97379, French Guiana.

50. International Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB), Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 167, Miami, FL 33199, USA.

51. Escuela de Biología Herbario Alfredo Paredes, Universidad Central, Ap. Postal 17.01.2177, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.

52. UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, CNRS, Kourou Cedex, French Guiana.

53. Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, CA 95521, USA.

54. Grupo de Ecología de Ecosistemas Terrestres Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Amazonía, Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia.

55. Taxonomy and Systematics, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwin building, Darwinweg 4, Leiden 2300 AA, The Netherlands.

56. Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAM, Km 7 via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador.

57. Museu Universitário, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC 69915–559, Brazil.

58. Land Resource and Management Unit, Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, TP 440, Ispra, VA I-21027, Italy.

59. Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Tabuleiro do Martins, Maceio, AL 57072–970, Brazil.

60. Iwokrama International Programme for Rainforest Conservation, Georgetown, Guyana.

61. New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, New York, NY 10458–5126, USA.

62. Servicios de Biodiversidad EIRL, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru.

63. Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Universitario UMSA, Casilla 10077 Correo Central, La Paz, Bolivia.

64. Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166–0299, USA.

65. Biology Department and Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Rd, Winston Salem, NC 27106, USA.

66. Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Madre de Dios, Madre de Dios, Peru.

67. Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, SAC 5.150, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, TX 78712, USA.

68. Fundación Puerto Rastrojo, Cra 10 No. 24–76 Oficina 1201, Bogotá, DF, Colombia.

69. Fundación Estación de Biología, Cra 10 No. 24–76 Oficina 1201, Bogotá, DF, Colombia.

70. Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA), Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Rua Terezina, 476, Adrianópolis, Manaus, AM 69057–070, Brazil.

71. ACEER Foundation, Jirón Cusco N° 370, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru.

72. Departement EV, Muséum national d’histoire naturelle de Paris, 16 rue Buffon, Paris 75005, France.

73. Amazon Conservation Team, Doekhieweg Oost #24, Paramaribo, Suriname.

74. Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, England OX1 3QY, UK.

75. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, UNAL, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Apartado 7945, Bogotá, DF, Colombia.

76. Embrapa Amazonia Oriental, Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/no, Belém, PA, Brazil.

77. Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, PA, Brazil.

78. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, San Martín 451, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru.

79. Universidad Autónoma del Beni, Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia.

80. Regional Norte Amazónico, Centro de Investigación y Promoción del Campesinado, Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia.

81. Laboratory of Human Ecology, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas - IVIC, Ado 20632, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela.

82. Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goyatacazes, RJ 28013–620, Brazil.

83. Instituto de Biociências - Dept. Ecologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo - USP, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, no. 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508–090, Brazil.

84. Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Conjunto Forestal, C.P. 5101, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela.

85. GeoIS, El Día 369 y El Telégrafo, 3° Piso, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.

86. Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.

87. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA.

88. Environmental Science and Policy, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA.

89. Geography and the Environment, University of Texas at Austin, 305 E. 23rd Street, CLA building, Austin, TX 78712, USA.

90. Agricultural Services, Ministry of Agro-Industry and Food Security, The Mauritius Herbarium, Reduit, Mauritius.

91. Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Building 1540 Ny Munkegade, Aarhus C, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark.

92. FOMABO, Manejo Forestal en las Tierras Tropicales de Bolivia, Sacta, Cochabamba, Bolivia.

93. Escuela de Ciencias Forestales (ESFOR), Universidad Mayor de San Simon (UMSS), Sacta, Cochabamba, Bolivia.

94. Tropenbos International, Lawickse Allee 11 PO Box 232, Wageningen 6700 AE, The Netherlands.

95. School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Marlowe Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, UK.

96. Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas de Guayana, Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Calle Chile urbaniz Chilemex, Puerto Ordaz, Bolivar, Venezuela.

97. Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK.

98. Herbario Nacional del Ecuador, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.

99. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional e Meio Ambiente PGDRA, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Rodovia BR 364 s/n Km 9,5 - Sentido Acre, Unir, Porto Velho, Rondônia 76.824-029, Brazil.

100. Instituto de Biodiversidade e Floresta, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Rua Vera Paz, Campus Tapajós, Santarém, PA 68015–110, Brazil.

101. Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Pevas 5ta cdra, Iquitos, Peru.

102. Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA.

Abstract

Analyses of forest loss and protected areas suggest that 36 to 57% of Amazonian tree flora may qualify as “globally threatened.”

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

Reference83 articles.

1. B. S. Soares-Filho D. C. Nepstad L. M. Curran E. Voll G. C. Cerqueira R. A. Garcia C. A. Ramos A. McDonald P. Lefebvre P. Schlesinger Eds. LBA-ECO LC-14 Modeled Deforestation Scenarios Amazon Basin: 2002-2050 (Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center Oak Ridge TN 2013); http://daac.ornl.gov//LBA/guides/LC14_Amazon_Scenarios.html

2. Modelling conservation in the Amazon basin;Soares-Filho B. S.;Nature,2006

3. Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: History, rates, and consequences;Fearnside P. M.;Conserv. Biol.,2005

4. Environmental impacts of resource exploitation in Amazonia;Smith N. J. H.;Glob. Environ. Change,1991

5. The Amazon basin in transition

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