Joint environmental and social benefits from diversified agriculture

Author:

Rasmussen Laura Vang1ORCID,Grass Ingo23ORCID,Mehrabi Zia456ORCID,Smith Olivia M.78ORCID,Bezner-Kerr Rachel9ORCID,Blesh Jennifer10ORCID,Garibaldi Lucas Alejandro1112ORCID,Isaac Marney E.13ORCID,Kennedy Christina M.14ORCID,Wittman Hannah1516ORCID,Batáry Péter17ORCID,Buchori Damayanti18ORCID,Cerda Rolando19ORCID,Chará Julián20ORCID,Crowder David W.21ORCID,Darras Kevin22ORCID,DeMaster Kathryn23,Garcia Karina24ORCID,Gómez Manuel25,Gonthier David24ORCID,Hidayat Purnama26ORCID,Hipólito Juliana272829ORCID,Hirons Mark30,Hoey Lesli31ORCID,James Dana1516ORCID,John Innocensia32ORCID,Jones Andrew D.33,Karp Daniel S.34ORCID,Kebede Yodit35ORCID,Kerr Carmen Bezner36,Klassen Susanna151637ORCID,Kotowska Martyna38ORCID,Kreft Holger39ORCID,Llanque Ramiro40,Levers Christian164142ORCID,Lizcano Diego J.43ORCID,Lu Adrian23ORCID,Madsen Sidney9,Marques Rosebelly Nunes44ORCID,Martins Pedro Buss44,Melo America43ORCID,Nyantakyi-Frimpong Hanson45ORCID,Olimpi Elissa M.46ORCID,Owen Jeb P.21,Pantevez Heiber25ORCID,Qaim Matin47ORCID,Redlich Sarah48ORCID,Scherber Christoph4950ORCID,Sciligo Amber R.51,Snapp Sieglinde52ORCID,Snyder William E.53ORCID,Steffan-Dewenter Ingolf48ORCID,Stratton Anne Elise1054ORCID,Taylor Joseph M.53ORCID,Tscharntke Teja55ORCID,Valencia Vivian5657ORCID,Vogel Cassandra4858ORCID,Kremen Claire59ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

2. Department of Ecology of Tropical Agricultural Systems, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.

3. Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy (KomBioTa), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.

4. Department of Environmental Studies, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.

5. Better Planet Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.

6. Mortenson Center for Global Engineering and Resilience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.

7. Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.

8. Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.

9. Department of Global Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.

10. School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

11. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural, Río Negro, Argentina.

12. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural, Río Negro, Argentina.

13. Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences and Department of Global Development Studies, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

14. Global Science, The Nature Conservancy, Fort Collins, CO, USA.

15. Centre for Sustainable Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

16. Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

17. Lendület Landscape and Conservation Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Botany, HUN-REN Centre for Ecological Research, Vácrátót, Hungary.

18. Department of Plant Protection, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Kamper, Kampus Darmaga, Bogor, Indonesia.

19. Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Turri Alba, Costa Rica.

20. Center for Research on Sustainable Agricultural Systems (CIPAV), Cali, Colombia.

21. Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.

22. INRAE, EFNO Nogent-sur-Vernisson, France.

23. Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.

24. Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.

25. Federación Colombiana de Ganaderos (FEDEGAN), Bogotá, Columbia.

26. Department of Plant Protection, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia.

27. Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Biology Institute, Salvador, Brazil.

28. Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Conselho de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.

29. Brazil Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, INPA, Manaus, AM, Brazil.

30. Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

31. Urban and Regional Planning Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

32. Department of Agricultural Economics and Business, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

33. School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

34. Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.

35. Eco&Sols, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.

36. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

37. Department of Sociology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.

38. Department of Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.

39. Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.

40. Consejo de Salud Rural Andino, La Paz, Bolivia.

41. Department of Environmental Geography, Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

42. Thünen Institute of Biodiversity, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute - Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry, and Fisheries, Braunschweig, Germany.

43. The Nature Conservancy, Latin America North Andes and Central America Region, Bogota, Columbia.

44. Applied Ecology Graduate Program, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.

45. Department of Geography & the Environment, University of Denver, Denver, CO USA.

46. Conservation Science Partners, Truckee, CA, USA.

47. Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.

48. Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.

49. Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum Koenig, Centre for Biodiversity Monitoring and Conservation Science, Bonn, Germany.

50. Bonn Institute for Organismic Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.

51. The Organic Center, Washington, DC, USA.

52. Sustainable Agrifood Systems, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El Batan, Mexico.

53. Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.

54. Sustainable Use of Natural Resources Department, Institute of Social Sciences in Agriculture, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.

55. Department of Agroecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.

56. Farming Systems Ecology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.

57. Department of Environment, Agriculture and Geography at Bishop’s University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.

58. Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.

59. Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, Biodiversity Research Centre and Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Abstract

Agricultural simplification continues to expand at the expense of more diverse forms of agriculture. This simplification, for example, in the form of intensively managed monocultures, poses a risk to keeping the world within safe and just Earth system boundaries. Here, we estimated how agricultural diversification simultaneously affects social and environmental outcomes. Drawing from 24 studies in 11 countries across 2655 farms, we show how five diversification strategies focusing on livestock, crops, soils, noncrop plantings, and water conservation benefit social (e.g., human well-being, yields, and food security) and environmental (e.g., biodiversity, ecosystem services, and reduced environmental externalities) outcomes. We found that applying multiple diversification strategies creates more positive outcomes than individual management strategies alone. To realize these benefits, well-designed policies are needed to incentivize the adoption of multiple diversification strategies in unison.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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