Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy

Published:1997-08-15 Issue:5328 Volume:277 Page:918-924
ISSN:0036-8075
Container-title:Science
language:en
Short-container-title:Science

Author:

Sampson Robert J.¹,Raudenbush Stephen W.¹,Earls Felton¹

Affiliation:

1. R. J. Sampson is in the Department of Sociology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637 and is a Research Fellow of the American Bar Foundation, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. S. W. Raudenbush is at the College of Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. F. Earls is the Principal Investigator of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods and is at the School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Abstract

It is hypothesized that collective efficacy, defined as social cohesion among neighbors combined with their willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good, is linked to reduced violence. This hypothesis was tested on a 1995 survey of 8782 residents of 343 neighborhoods in Chicago, Illinois. Multilevel analyses showed that a measure of collective efficacy yields a high between-neighborhood reliability and is negatively associated with variations in violence, when individual-level characteristics, measurement error, and prior violence are controlled. Associations of concentrated disadvantage and residential instability with violence are largely mediated by collective efficacy.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

Reference50 articles.

1. For a recent review of research on violence covering much of the 20th century including a discussion of the many barriers to direct examination of the mechanisms explaining neighborhood-level variations see R. J. Sampson and J. Lauritsen in Understanding and Preventing Violence: Social Influences vol. 3 A. J. Reiss Jr. and J. Roth Eds. (National Academy Press Washington DC 1994) pp. 1–114.

2. J. F. Short Jr. Poverty Ethnicity and Violent Crime (Westview Boulder CO 1997).

3. For a general assessment of the difficulties facing neighborhood-level research on social outcomes see

4. Growing Up in Poor Neighborhoods: How Much Does It Matter?

5. R. Kornhauser Social Sources of Delinquency (Univ. of Chicago Press Chicago IL 1978); R. J. Bursik Jr. Criminology 26 519 (1988); D. Elliott et al. J. Res. Crime Delinquency 33 389 (1996).

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