Global urban environmental change drives adaptation in white clover-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

Global urban environmental change drives adaptation in white clover

Published:2022-03-18 Issue:6586 Volume:375 Page:1275-1281
ISSN:0036-8075
Container-title:Science
language:en
Short-container-title:Science

Author:

Santangelo James S.¹²^ORCID,Ness Rob W.¹²^ORCID,Cohan Beata¹,Fitzpatrick Connor R.³^ORCID,Innes Simon G.¹⁴^ORCID,Koch Sophie¹,Miles Lindsay S.¹²^ORCID,Munim Samreen¹⁵,Peres-Neto Pedro R.⁶^ORCID,Prashad Cindy¹,Tong Alex T.¹,Aguirre Windsor E.⁷^ORCID,Akinwole Philips O.⁸^ORCID,Alberti Marina⁹,Álvarez Jackie¹⁰,Anderson Jill T.¹¹,Anderson Joseph J.¹²^ORCID,Ando Yoshino¹³,Andrew Nigel R.¹⁴^ORCID,Angeoletto Fabio¹⁵^ORCID,Anstett Daniel N.¹⁶^ORCID,Anstett Julia¹⁷¹⁸^ORCID,Aoki-Gonçalves Felipe¹⁹,Arietta A. Z. Andis²⁰^ORCID,Arroyo Mary T. K.²¹²²,Austen Emily J.²³^ORCID,Baena-Díaz Fernanda²⁴^ORCID,Barker Cory A.²⁵,Baylis Howard A.²⁶^ORCID,Beliz Julia M.²⁷²⁸,Benitez-Mora Alfonso²⁹^ORCID,Bickford David³⁰,Biedebach Gabriela³⁰,Blackburn Gwylim S.³¹^ORCID,Boehm Mannfred M. A.¹⁶^ORCID,Bonser Stephen P.³²,Bonte Dries³³^ORCID,Bragger Jesse R.³⁴,Branquinho Cristina³⁵^ORCID,Brans Kristien I.³⁶^ORCID,Bresciano Jorge C.³⁷,Brom Peta D.³⁸^ORCID,Bucharova Anna³⁹^ORCID,Burt Briana⁴⁰,Cahill James F.⁴¹,Campbell Katelyn D.²⁵,Carlen Elizabeth J.⁴²^ORCID,Carmona Diego⁴³^ORCID,Castellanos Maria Clara⁴⁴^ORCID,Centenaro Giada⁴⁵^ORCID,Chalen Izan¹⁰⁴⁶,Chaves Jaime A.¹⁰⁴⁷,Chávez-Pesqueira Mariana⁴⁸,Chen Xiao-Yong⁴⁹⁵⁰,Chilton Angela M.⁵¹^ORCID,Chomiak Kristina M.⁴⁰,Cisneros-Heredia Diego F.¹⁰⁴⁶^ORCID,Cisse Ibrahim K.⁴⁰,Classen Aimée T.⁵²^ORCID,Comerford Mattheau S.⁵³,Fradinger Camila Cordoba⁵⁴,Corney Hannah⁵⁵,Crawford Andrew J.⁵⁶,Crawford Kerri M.⁵⁷^ORCID,Dahirel Maxime⁵⁸^ORCID,David Santiago⁵⁹^ORCID,De Haan Robert⁶⁰,Deacon Nicholas J.⁶¹,Dean Clare⁶²^ORCID,del-Val Ek⁶³^ORCID,Deligiannis Eleftherios K.⁶⁴,Denney Derek¹¹^ORCID,Dettlaff Margarete A.⁴¹,DiLeo Michelle F.⁶⁵^ORCID,Ding Yuan-Yuan⁴⁹,Domínguez-López Moisés E.⁶⁶⁶⁷,Dominoni Davide M.⁶⁸^ORCID,Draud Savannah L.⁶⁹,Dyson Karen⁹^ORCID,Ellers Jacintha⁷⁰^ORCID,Espinosa Carlos I.⁷¹^ORCID,Essi Liliana⁷²^ORCID,Falahati-Anbaran Mohsen⁷³⁷⁴^ORCID,Falcão Jéssica C. F.⁷⁵^ORCID,Fargo Hayden T.¹,Fellowes Mark D. E.⁷⁶^ORCID,Fitzpatrick Raina M.⁷⁷,Flaherty Leah E.⁷⁸,Flood Pádraic J.⁷⁹^ORCID,Flores María F.²²,Fornoni Juan⁸⁰^ORCID,Foster Amy G.⁸¹,Frost Christopher J.⁸²^ORCID,Fuentes Tracy L.⁹^ORCID,Fulkerson Justin R.⁸³^ORCID,Gagnon Edeline⁸⁴⁸⁵^ORCID,Garbsch Frauke⁸¹^ORCID,Garroway Colin J.⁸⁶^ORCID,Gerstein Aleeza C.⁸⁷^ORCID,Giasson Mischa M.⁸⁸,Girdler E. Binney⁸⁹,Gkelis Spyros⁶⁴^ORCID,Godsoe William⁹⁰^ORCID,Golemiec Anneke M.⁵^ORCID,Golemiec Mireille¹,González-Lagos César²⁹⁹¹^ORCID,Gorton Amanda J.⁹²^ORCID,Gotanda Kiyoko M.²⁶⁹³^ORCID,Granath Gustaf¹²,Greiner Stephan⁸¹,Griffiths Joanna S.⁹⁴^ORCID,Grilo Filipa³⁵^ORCID,Gundel Pedro E.⁵⁴⁹⁵^ORCID,Hamilton Benjamin⁴⁰,Hardin Joyce M.⁶⁹,He Tianhua⁹⁶⁹⁷,Heard Stephen B.⁸⁸,Henriques André F.³⁵^ORCID,Hernández-Poveda Melissa⁵⁶^ORCID,Hetherington-Rauth Molly C.¹,Hill Sarah J.¹⁴^ORCID,Hochuli Dieter F.⁹⁸^ORCID,Hodgins Kathryn A.⁹⁹^ORCID,Hood Glen R.¹⁰⁰^ORCID,Hopkins Gareth R.¹⁰¹^ORCID,Hovanes Katherine A.¹⁰²^ORCID,Howard Ava R.¹⁰¹^ORCID,Hubbard Sierra C.⁶⁹,Ibarra-Cerdeña Carlos N.¹⁰³^ORCID,Iñiguez-Armijos Carlos⁷¹^ORCID,Jara-Arancio Paola¹⁰⁴¹⁰⁵^ORCID,Jarrett Benjamin J. M.²⁶¹⁰⁶^ORCID,Jeannot Manon¹⁰⁷,Jiménez-Lobato Vania¹⁰⁸^ORCID,Johnson Mae¹⁰⁹,Johnson Oscar¹¹⁰,Johnson Philip P.¹¹¹^ORCID,Johnson Reagan¹¹²,Josephson Matthew P.¹¹³,Jung Meen Chel⁹^ORCID,Just Michael G.¹¹⁴^ORCID,Kahilainen Aapo⁶⁵^ORCID,Kailing Otto S.¹¹⁵,Kariñho-Betancourt Eunice¹¹⁶^ORCID,Karousou Regina⁶⁴^ORCID,Kirn Lauren A.⁹⁹^ORCID,Kirschbaum Anna¹¹⁷^ORCID,Laine Anna-Liisa⁶⁵¹¹⁸,LaMontagne Jalene M.⁷¹¹⁹^ORCID,Lampei Christian³⁹^ORCID,Lara Carlos¹²⁰,Larson Erica L.¹²¹^ORCID,Lázaro-Lobo Adrián¹²²,Le Jennifer H.¹²³,Leandro Deleon S.¹²⁴,Lee Christopher⁹⁹^ORCID,Lei Yunting¹²⁵^ORCID,León Carolina A.²⁹^ORCID,Lequerica Tamara Manuel E.⁹⁸^ORCID,Levesque Danica C.¹²⁶^ORCID,Liao Wan-Jin¹²⁷^ORCID,Ljubotina Megan⁴¹,Locke Hannah⁵⁷^ORCID,Lockett Martin T.¹²⁸,Longo Tiffany C.³⁴^ORCID,Lundholm Jeremy T.⁵⁵,MacGillavry Thomas⁶⁸,Mackin Christopher R.⁴⁴,Mahmoud Alex R.²⁷,Manju Isaac A.¹⁰¹,Mariën Janine⁷⁰^ORCID,Martínez D. Nayeli⁶³¹²⁹^ORCID,Martínez-Bartolomé Marina¹²²¹³⁰^ORCID,Meineke Emily K.¹³¹^ORCID,Mendoza-Arroyo Wendy¹¹⁶,Merritt Thomas J. S.¹²⁶^ORCID,Merritt Lila Elizabeth L.¹²⁶,Migiani Giuditta⁶⁸,Minor Emily S.¹¹¹^ORCID,Mitchell Nora¹³²¹³³,Mohammadi Bazargani Mitra¹³⁴^ORCID,Moles Angela T.³²^ORCID,Monk Julia D.²⁰^ORCID,Moore Christopher M.¹³⁵^ORCID,Morales-Morales Paula A.¹³⁶^ORCID,Moyers Brook T.¹³⁷¹³⁸^ORCID,Muñoz-Rojas Miriam⁵¹¹³⁹^ORCID,Munshi-South Jason⁴²^ORCID,Murphy Shannon M.¹²¹,Murúa Maureen M.¹⁴⁰^ORCID,Neila Melisa²⁹,Nikolaidis Ourania¹²³,Njunjić Iva¹⁴¹^ORCID,Nosko Peter¹⁴²^ORCID,Núñez-Farfán Juan⁸⁰^ORCID,Ohgushi Takayuki¹⁴³,Olsen Kenneth M.²⁷^ORCID,Opedal Øystein H.¹⁰⁶^ORCID,Ornelas Cristina¹⁴⁴,Parachnowitsch Amy L.¹²⁸⁸^ORCID,Paratore Aaron S.⁴⁰,Parody-Merino Angela M.³⁷,Paule Juraj¹⁴⁵^ORCID,Paulo Octávio S.³⁵^ORCID,Pena João Carlos¹⁴⁶^ORCID,Pfeiffer Vera W.¹⁴⁷^ORCID,Pinho Pedro³⁵,Piot Anthony³¹,Porth Ilga M.³¹^ORCID,Poulos Nicholas¹⁴⁸,Puentes Adriana¹⁴⁹^ORCID,Qu Jiao³³,Quintero-Vallejo Estela¹⁵⁰^ORCID,Raciti Steve M.¹⁵¹^ORCID,Raeymaekers Joost A. M.¹⁵²^ORCID,Raveala Krista M.⁶⁵,Rennison Diana J.¹⁵³,Ribeiro Milton C.¹⁴⁶^ORCID,Richardson Jonathan L.¹⁵⁴,Rivas-Torres Gonzalo¹⁰¹⁵⁵^ORCID,Rivera Benjamin J.⁸⁹^ORCID,Roddy Adam B.¹⁵⁶^ORCID,Rodriguez-Muñoz Erika⁵⁶^ORCID,Román José Raúl¹⁵⁷^ORCID,Rossi Laura S.¹⁴²,Rowntree Jennifer K.⁶²^ORCID,Ryan Travis J.¹⁵⁸^ORCID,Salinas Santiago⁸⁹^ORCID,Sanders Nathan J.⁵²,Santiago-Rosario Luis Y.¹⁵⁹^ORCID,Savage Amy M.¹²³^ORCID,Scheepens J.F.¹¹⁷¹⁶⁰^ORCID,Schilthuizen Menno¹⁶¹^ORCID,Schneider Adam C.¹⁶⁹^ORCID,Scholier Tiffany¹⁴⁹¹⁶²^ORCID,Scott Jared L.¹⁶³,Shaheed Summer A.³⁴,Shefferson Richard P.¹⁶⁴,Shepard Caralee A.⁶⁹,Shykoff Jacqui A.¹⁶⁵,Silveira Georgianna¹⁶⁶,Smith Alexis D.¹¹¹,Solis-Gabriel Lizet⁶³,Soro Antonella¹⁶⁷,Spellman Katie V.¹⁴⁴¹⁶⁸,Whitney Kaitlin Stack¹⁶⁹^ORCID,Starke-Ottich Indra¹⁴⁵,Stephan Jörg G.¹⁴⁹¹⁷⁰^ORCID,Stephens Jessica D.¹⁷¹^ORCID,Szulc Justyna¹⁷²,Szulkin Marta¹⁷²^ORCID,Tack Ayco J. M.⁴⁵,Tamburrino Ítalo²²^ORCID,Tate Tayler D.¹⁰¹,Tergemina Emmanuel⁷⁹^ORCID,Theodorou Panagiotis¹⁶⁷^ORCID,Thompson Ken A.⁵⁹¹⁷³^ORCID,Threlfall Caragh G.⁹⁸^ORCID,Tinghitella Robin M.¹²¹^ORCID,Toledo-Chelala Lilibeth⁶³,Tong Xin⁴⁹^ORCID,Uroy Léa⁵⁸¹⁷⁴^ORCID,Utsumi Shunsuke¹³^ORCID,Vandegehuchte Martijn L.³³¹⁰⁷^ORCID,VanWallendael Acer¹⁷⁵^ORCID,Vidal Paula M.²²,Wadgymar Susana M.¹⁷⁶,Wang Ai-Ying¹²⁷^ORCID,Wang Nian¹⁷⁷,Warbrick Montana L.¹⁴²,Whitney Kenneth D.¹³²^ORCID,Wiesmeier Miriam¹⁷⁸,Wiles J. Tristian⁶⁹^ORCID,Wu Jianqiang¹²⁵^ORCID,Xirocostas Zoe A.³²^ORCID,Yan Zhaogui¹⁷⁷,Yao Jiahe¹⁷⁹,Yoder Jeremy B.¹⁴⁸,Yoshida Owen⁵⁵,Zhang Jingxiong¹²⁵^ORCID,Zhao Zhigang¹⁷⁹^ORCID,Ziter Carly D.⁶^ORCID,Zuellig Matthew P.¹⁸⁰^ORCID,Zufall Rebecca A.⁵⁷^ORCID,Zurita Juan E.¹⁰^ORCID,Zytynska Sharon E.¹⁷⁸¹⁸¹^ORCID,Johnson Marc T. J.¹²^ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada.

2. Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada.

3. Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.

4. Department of Biology, University of Louisiana, Lafayette, LA, USA.

5. Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada.

6. Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.

7. Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA.

8. Department of Biology, DePauw University, Greencastle, IN, USA.

9. Department of Urban Design and Planning, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

10. Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador.

11. Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.

12. Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.

13. Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.

14. Natural History Museum, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.

15. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia da UFMT, campus de Rondonópolis, Cuiabá, Brazil.

16. Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

17. Graduate Program in Genome Sciences and Technology, Genome Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

18. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

19. Red de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, A. C., Xalapa, Mexico.

20. School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.

21. Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

22. Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

23. Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada.

24. Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Xalapa, Mexico.

25. Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.

26. Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

27. Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.

28. Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.

29. Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile.

30. Department of Biology, University of La Verne, La Verne, CA, USA.

31. Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.

32. Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

33. Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.

34. Department of Biology, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, NJ, USA.

35. Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal.

36. Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.

37. School of Agriculture and Environment, Wildlife and Ecology group, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu, New Zealand.

38. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.

39. Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.

40. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA.

41. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.

42. Louis Calder Center and Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Armonk, NY, USA.

43. Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México.

44. School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.

45. Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.

46. iBIOTROP Instituto de Biodiversidad Tropical, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador.

47. Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA.

48. Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán AC, Mérida, Yucatán, México.

49. School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.

50. Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Plant Innovation, Shanghai 200231, China.

51. Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

52. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

53. Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.

54. IFEVA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

55. Biology Department, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, NS, Canada.

56. Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.

57. Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.

58. ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution), Université de Rennes, Rennes, France.

59. Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

60. Department of Environmental Studies, Dordt University, Sioux Center, IA, USA.

61. Department of Biology, Minneapolis Community and Technical College, Minneapolis, MN, USA.

62. Department of Natural Sciences, Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.

63. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, UNAM, Morelia, Mexico.

64. Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.

65. Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, Organismal & Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

66. Corporación Científica Ingeobosque, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia.

67. GTA Colombia S.A.S. Envigado, Antioquia, Colombia.

68. Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.

69. Department of Biology, Hendrix College, Conway, AR, USA.

70. Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

71. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador.

72. Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

73. Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

74. NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.

75. Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Xalapa, Mexico.

76. School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights Park, Reading, Berkshire, UK.

77. Department of Biology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.

78. Department of Biological Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB, Canada.

79. Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.

80. Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.

81. Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.

82. BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.

83. Alaska Center for Conservation Science, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA.

84. Tropical Diversity, Royal Botanical Garden of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.

85. Département de biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada.

86. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.

87. Departments of Microbiology & Statistics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.

88. Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada.

89. Department of Biology, Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo, MI, USA.

90. BioProtection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand.

91. Departamento de Ciencias, Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.

92. Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behaviour University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.

93. Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.

94. Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.

95. ICB - University of Talca, Chile.

96. School of Molecular and Life Science, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.

97. College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.

98. School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

99. School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

100. Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.

101. Department of Biology, Western Oregon University, Monmouth, OR, USA.

102. School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.

103. Departamento de Ecología Humana, Cinvestav Mérida, Yucatan, México.

104. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.

105. Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Chile.

106. Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.

107. Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.

108. Escuela Superiro de Desarrollo Sustentable, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero -CONACYT, Las Tunas, Mexico.

109. Clarkson Secondary School, Peel District School Board, Mississauga, ON, Canada.

110. Homelands Sr. Public School, Peel District School Board, Mississauga, ON, Canada.

111. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.

112. St. James Catholic Global Learning Centre, Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board, Mississauga ON, Canada.

113. Department of Biosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.

114. Ecological Processes Branch, U.S. Army ERDC-CERL, Champaign, IL, USA.

115. Department of Biology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, USA.

116. Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, UNAM, Morelia, Mexico.

117. Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.

118. Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland.

119. Urban Wildlife Institute, Department of Conservation and Science, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, USA.

120. Departamento de Ecología, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.

121. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA.

122. Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA.

123. Department of Biology, Center for Computational & Integrative Biology, Rutgers University-Camden, Camden, NJ, USA.

124. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia da UFMT, campus de Rondonópolis, Brasil.

125. Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.

126. Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.

127. Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.

128. School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

129. Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.

130. Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.

131. Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.

132. Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.

133. Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI 54701.

134. Agriculture Institute, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran.

135. Department of Biology, Colby College, Waterville, ME, USA.

136. Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.

137. Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA.

138. Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.

139. Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.

140. Facultad de Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Centro GEMA- Genómica, Ecología y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.

141. Evolutionary Ecology Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands.

142. Department of Biology and Chemistry, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON, Canada.

143. Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.

144. Bonanza Creek Long Term Ecological Research Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA.

145. Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

146. Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.

147. Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.

148. Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

149. Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.

150. Facultad de Ciencias y Biotecnologia, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia.

151. Department of Biology, Hofstra University, Long Island, NY, USA.

152. Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.

153. Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.

154. Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, USA.

155. Estación de Biodiversidad Tiputini, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador.

156. Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.

157. Agronomy Department, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.

158. Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Urban Ecology and Sustainability, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.

159. Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.

160. Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

161. Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.

162. Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.

163. Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.

164. Organization for Programs on Environmental Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.

165. Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, 91405, Orsay, France.

166. Department of Biology, Providence College, Providence, RI, USA.

167. General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.

168. International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA.

169. Science, Technology and Society Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA.

170. SLU Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.

171. Department of Biology, Westfield State University, Westfield, MA, USA.

172. Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.

173. Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

174. UMR 0980 BAGAP, Agrocampus Ouest-ESA-INRA, Rennes, France.

175. Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.

176. Biology Department, Davidson College, Davidson, NC, USA.

177. College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences/ Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China, Hubei, China.

178. School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

179. School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.

180. Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

181. Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.

Abstract

Urbanization transforms environments in ways that alter biological evolution. We examined whether urban environmental change drives parallel evolution by sampling 110,019 white clover plants from 6169 populations in 160 cities globally. Plants were assayed for a Mendelian antiherbivore defense that also affects tolerance to abiotic stressors. Urban-rural gradients were associated with the evolution of clines in defense in 47% of cities throughout the world. Variation in the strength of clines was explained by environmental changes in drought stress and vegetation cover that varied among cities. Sequencing 2074 genomes from 26 cities revealed that the evolution of urban-rural clines was best explained by adaptive evolution, but the degree of parallel adaptation varied among cities. Our results demonstrate that urbanization leads to adaptation at a global scale.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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