Thrice Out of Africa: Ancient and Recent Expansions of the Honey Bee, Apis mellifera

Author:

Whitfield Charles W.12345,Behura Susanta K.12345,Berlocher Stewart H.12345,Clark Andrew G.12345,Johnston J. Spencer12345,Sheppard Walter S.12345,Smith Deborah R.12345,Suarez Andrew V.12345,Weaver Daniel12345,Tsutsui Neil D.12345

Affiliation:

1. Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, IL 61801, USA.

2. Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA.

3. Program for Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA.

4. Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.

5. Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.

Abstract

We characterized Apis mellifera in both native and introduced ranges using 1136 single-nucleotide polymorphisms genotyped in 341 individuals. Our results indicate that A. mellifera originated in Africa and expanded into Eurasia at least twice, resulting in populations in eastern and western Europe that are geographically close but genetically distant. A third expansion in the New World has involved the near-replacement of previously introduced “European” honey bees by descendants of more recently introduced A. m. scutellata (“African” or “killer” bees). Our analyses of spatial transects and temporal series in the New World revealed differential replacement of alleles derived from eastern versus western Europe, with admixture evident in all individuals.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

Reference33 articles.

1. The World History of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting 1999

2. Crop Pollination by Bees 2000

3. Honey Bee Genome Sequence Consortium Nature in press.

4. Phylogenetic relationships of honey bees (Hymenoptera:Apinae:Apini) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data

5. Biogeography and Taxonomy of Honeybees 1988

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