Effect of basket depth and stocking density on production of the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla: insights and recommendations

Abstract

Abstract Basket depth and stocking density are crucial and related factors for successful commercial sea urchin aquaculture, but these factors have not been definitively determined for production of Tripneustes gratilla. This study investigates the effects of varying basket depths (deep 35cm vs. shallow 10cm) and stocking densities (4, 6 and 8kgs.m− 2 or 13, 19 and 24% coverage of available basket surface area) on urchin production. Contrary to previous suggestions, reduced consumption was identified as the cause of decreased production in deeper baskets. Consumption was significantly higher in shallow baskets than deep baskets for both the fresh seaweed, Ulva lacinulata, (W = 38, p = 0.026) and formulated feed (W = 76.5, p = 0.007). Consequently, baskets of approximately 10cm deep are recommended to enhance production of T. gratilla and possibly other urchin species. Two subsequent trials assessed T. gratilla production at different stocking densities. Trial 1 aimed to maximize urchin size over a three-month grow-out period using fresh U. lacinulata, while trial 2 focused on enhancing gonad production over two months using formulated feed. Although greater stocking density significantly reduced the specific growth rates of individual urchin mass in both trials (p < 0.044), there was no significant impact on mortality, net production or gonad size and quality. The variations in growth rates were attributed to spine loss resulting from negative behavioural interactions (F2, 9= 9.551; p = 0.005). Based on the objectives of both grow-out and gonad-enhancement phases, we recommend a stocking density of approximately 20% coverage.