1. James D. Chambers ( ) is an investigator at the Center for the Evaluation of Value and Risk in Health, Tufts Medical Center, and an associate professor of medicine in the School of Medicine, Tufts University, in Boston, Massachusetts.
2. Teja Thorat was a senior research associate at the Center for the Evaluation of Value and Risk in Health, Tufts Medical Center, when she worked on this article. She is currently a manager at Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
3. Colby L. Wilkinson is a research assistant in the Center for the Evaluation of Value and Risk in Health, Tufts Medical Center.
4. Peter J. Neumann is director of the Center for the Evaluation of Value and Risk in Health, Tufts Medical Center, and a professor of medicine in the School of Medicine, Tufts University.