1. Restricting the model to causal relationships also short-circuits the need to ask the "why" question because the causal mechanism is the answer. Ironically, a causal model need not be intuitive, so it may not satisfy the same normative desires as intuition seems to. See supra note 78. 264. Id.; cf. Nick Seaver, Algorithms as Culture;Kim;BIG DATA & SOC'Y,2017
2. A challenged employment practice must be 'shown to be related to job performance,' have a 'manifest relationship to the employment in question,' be 'demonstrably a reasonable measure of job performance, bear some relationship to job-performance ability,' []or 'must measure the person for the job and not the person in the abstract.'" (quoting Linda Lye, Comment, Title VII's Tangled Tale: The Erosion and Confusion of Disparate Impact and the Business Necessity Defense;& Barocas;19 BERKELEY J. EMP. & LAB. L,1998