1. 3% in Russia to 57.6% in Belgium, while in 2019, the lowest EATR in Russia slightly increased to 16.3%, whereas the highest EATR decreased to 59.5% for Belgium. To better illustrate these differences, we translate the EATRs back into total remuneration costs an employer faces in each location. 50 Thus in 2019, employers incurred expenses of EUR 119'474 in Russia to compensate their highly skilled employees for a disposable income of EUR 100'000 after taxes;2009, the EATRs range from 15
2. Luxembourg had a rather moderate effective tax burden of labour at 34.7% in 2009 but approached the overall average EATR with 40.1% in 2019. With Ireland, another rather small EU economy showed one of the most significant increases in the effective tax burden (+6.6 pp) over the last ten years, which is due to several cuts in personal tax credits, allowances as well as the abolition of the employee's income ceiling to global social insurance. Not surprisingly, we find that the Scandinavian countries levied relatively high tax levels -topped, however;This higher level of effective tax burdens is driven by the Continental EU Member States, including Ireland and the UK, as their average tax burden is with 45.7% in 2009 and 46.6% in 2019 significantly higher than the overall average,2009
3. Relocation of the Rich: Migration in Response to Top Tax Rate Changes from Spanish Reforms;D R Agrawal;The Review of Economics and Statistics,2019