Impacts and Mitigation Strategies of Abiotic and Biotic Stresses in Olive Orchards in the Era of Climate Change

Abstract

Climate change is the most critical issue threatening human survival. Droughts, heat waves, and floods are examples of extreme events that pose a threat to global ecosystems and future food security. Such changes have a significant impact on the biotic and abiotic components of agroecosystems. The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is of considerable economic importance in many countries worldwide. Nowadays, its cultivation is facing new challenges related to climate change, such as environmental stresses, pest outbreaks and increased incidence of pathogens. Therefore, various abiotic stresses, such as heat, drought, flooding, and salt, are hostile to the growth and development of olive trees, resulting in significant yield losses. Global climate variations can make trees vulnerable, promote the spread of pests and pathogens, accelerate their development, and weaken or eliminate their competitors and natural enemies. To address this situation, adaptable management techniques and changes in agricultural practices are needed to mitigate the effects of biotic and abiotic stresses.