Glial Cells in the Mature Central Nervous System

Abstract

Glial cells were once thought of as simple support players in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the latest studies of glial cells have shown that they are actually of significance and play a variety of functions. Once thought to be passive supportive cells, astrocytes are now important in maintaining neurotransmitter balance, controlling synaptic activity, and regulating blood flow in the brain. Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, besides making myelin, are closely involved in controlling how fast nerve signals travel and maintaining the health of axons. Microglia had been thought to be only immune observers, but they also help to control the immune response and control synapses. Ependymal cells, which are sometimes ignored, are important in regulating cerebrospinal fluid circulation, directing the location of neural stem cells, and enabling cell communication. This chapter explores distinct glial cell types -astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, microglia, and ependymal cells- highlighting their newfound, intricate functionalities and interactions with neurons.