1. Hearne Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Center for Computation and Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
2. School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
3. Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
4. Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
5. Department of Mathematics, University of New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA
6. School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA