1. This article is based on the research I conducted for my PhD thesis “Miasto, społeczeństwo, przyszłość: Architektura i przestrzenie nowoczesności Kalisza przełomu XIX–XX wieku” (City, society, future: Architecture and spaces of modernity in Kalisz at the turn of the twentieth century) (Institute of Art History, University of Warsaw; academic promoter Professor Barbara Arciszewska). I would like to thank especially Professor Barbara Arciszewska and Professor Agnieszka Zabłocka-Kos for their support, comments, and editing and research tips that helped me substantially during my work on the manuscript. I would also like to thank the anonymous JSAH reviewer for insightful comments that helped me develop the final version of this essay. In addition, let me express my gratitude to the editor of JSAH, Patricia Morton, for her patient editing and clarification of the manuscript and for many important comments that helped to elaborate its conclusions. I also owe a great debt of gratitude to Professor Theodore R. Weeks, Professor Malte Rolf, and all my Kalisz and Warsaw colleagues, who discussed my research with me several times, especially during the fruitful meetings of the Kalisz Society of Friends of Sciences. In its early stage, the manuscript was proofread by the Proof-Reading-Service.com team. I would also like to thank Judy Selhorst for the excellent copyediting of this article for JSAH.
2. Adolf Nowaczyński, “Życie prowincyi,” Świat 2, no. 32 (10 Aug. 1907), 2.
3. For an outline of the modern protection of historical monuments in Poland, see Bohdan Rymaszewski, Polska ochrona zabytków (Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, 2005).
4. Nowaczyński, “Życie prowincyi,” 3, my translation. Unless otherwise noted, all translations are my own.
5. The term governorate refers here to the Russian word guberniya and its Polish counterpart gubernia, meaning the province, which was the major administrative and territorial unit of the Russian Empire from the time of Peter the Great.