1. HSPS, Volume 32, Part 2, pages 369-407. ISSN 0890-9997. c2002 by The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Send requests for permission to reprint to Rights and Permissions, University of California Press, 2000 Center St., Ste. 303, Berkeley, CA 94704-1223.
2. 1 THE LAWRENCE TYPE
3. In the early 1930s, with the help of gradate student M. Stanley Livingston, University of California professor Ernest O. Lawrence built the first successful cyclotron-an accomplishment that would win him the 1939 Nobel Prize in physics. Undeterred by the financial constraints of the Great Depression, Lawrence obtained industrial and philanthropic funding and went on to rapidly build a laboratory to house a growing array of ever larger and more powerful cyclotrons and other accelerators.3Lawrence was energetic, driven, and charismatic-character traits that proved useful in obtaining necessary resources for his laboratory from industrial and philanthropic sponsors and for gathering a group of exceptionally able graduate students and researchers (figure 1).
4. Although Lawrence's zeal to build ever-larger accelerators meant that the laboratory missed important discoveries, such as artificial radioactivity and fission, he had his first imitators within a few years after the first cyclotron. By the late-1930s, cyclotrons were being built all over the world. With the infusion of federal funding for research and development after World War II, cyclotrons and other types of accelerators became commonplace at U.S. universities. The postwar funding boom also spurred the growth of the research arsenal at Lawrence's laboratory, which became part of a system of Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) laboratories.4
5. 2 Judy Jackson to Westfall, 28 Apr 1999; Sharon Parkinson to Westfall, 5 May 1999; CEBAF, "Construction Project acceptance report," Sep 1995; Leigh Harwood to Westfall, 16 Apr 2002.