Organismal responses to deteriorating water quality during the historic 2020 red tide off Southern California-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

Organismal responses to deteriorating water quality during the historic 2020 red tide off Southern California

Published:2024 Issue:1 Volume:12 Page:
ISSN:2325-1026
Container-title:Elem Sci Anth
language:en
Short-container-title:

Author:

Skelton Zachary R.¹²^ORCID,McCormick Lillian R.¹³^ORCID,Kwan Garfield T.¹⁴³^ORCID,Lonthair Joshua⁴⁵^ORCID,Neira Carlos¹^ORCID,Clements Samantha M.¹^ORCID,Martz Todd R.¹^ORCID,Bresnahan Philip J.⁶^ORCID,Send Uwe¹,Giddings Sarah N.¹^ORCID,Sevadjian Jeffrey C.¹,Jaeger Stephanie⁷,Feit Adriano⁷,Frable Benjamin W.¹^ORCID,Zerofski Phillip J.¹,Torres Melissa¹,Crooks Jeffrey A.¹⁸^ORCID,McCullough Justin⁸,Carter Melissa L.¹^ORCID,Ternon Eva¹⁹^ORCID,Miller Luke P.¹⁰^ORCID,Kalbach Gabriella M.¹⁰^ORCID,Wheeler Duncan C.¹^ORCID,Parnell P. Ed¹^ORCID,Swiney Katherine M.⁴^ORCID,Seibert Garrett²,Minich Jeremiah J.¹^ORCID,Hyde John R.⁴,Hastings Philip A.¹^ORCID,Smith Jennifer E.¹^ORCID,Komoroske Lisa M.⁵^ORCID,Tresguerres Martin¹^ORCID,Levin Lisa A.¹^ORCID,Wegner Nicholas C.⁴^ORCID

Affiliation:

1. 1Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

2. 2Ocean Associates Inc. under contract to Fisheries Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, CA, USA

3. †These two authors contributed equally to this work.

4. 3Fisheries Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, CA, USA

5. 4Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA

6. 5Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA

7. 6Environmental Monitoring and Technical Services Division, Public Utilities Department, City of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA

8. 7Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve, Imperial Beach, CA, USA

9. 8Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche sur mer (UMR 7093), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France

10. 9Coastal and Marine Institute Laboratory, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA

Abstract

In April and May of 2020, a large phytoplankton bloom composed primarily of the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedra reached historic levels in geographic expanse, duration, and density along the coast of southern California, United States, and Baja California Norte, Mexico. Here, we report the water quality parameters of dissolved oxygen and pH over the course of the red tide, as measured by multiple sensors deployed in various locations along San Diego County, and document the extent of mass organism mortality using field surveys and community science observations. We found that dissolved oxygen and pH corresponded with bloom dynamics, with extreme hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions occurring at multiple locations along the coast, most notably within select estuaries where dissolved oxygen reached 0 mg L−1 and hypoxia occurred for up to 254 consecutive hours, as well as along the inner shelf of the open coast where dissolved oxygen dropped as low as 0.05 mg L−1. Similarly, pH ranged widely (6.90–8.79) across the bloom over both space and time, largely corresponding with dissolved oxygen level. Extreme changes in dissolved oxygen and pH, in addition to changes to other water parameters that affect organismal health, ultimately led to documented mortalities of thousands of demersal and benthic fishes and invertebrates (primarily within estuarine and inner-shelf environments), and long-term surveys within one lagoon showed protracted changes to benthic infaunal density and species composition. In addition to field observations, we also quantified water quality parameters and organism mortalities from four local aquarium facilities, with varying levels of filtration and artificial oxygenation, and documented the morphological changes in the gills of captive-held Pacific sardine in response to the red tide. We show that multiple factors contributed to organismal stress, with hypoxia likely being the most widespread, but not the only, cause of mortality.

Publisher

University of California Press

Link

https://online.ucpress.edu/elementa/article-pdf/doi/10.1525/elementa.2023.00067/812073/elementa.2023.00067.pdf

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