1. Department of Medicine, and
2. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
3. Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Interdepartmental University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
4. Department of Critical Care Medicine,
5. Department of Community Health Sciences, and
6. O’Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;
7. Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;
8. Department of Internal Medicine and
9. Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
10. VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
11. Michigan Integrated Center for Health Analytics and Medical Prediction, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
12. Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida;
13. Division of Critical Care Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York