1. Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut;
2. Department of Respiratory Medicine,
3. Biomedical Research in End-Stage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), and
4. German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany;
5. Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut;
6. Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany;
7. University Clinic of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; and
8. Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany;
9. Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut