Metal–nitrogen–carbon-based nanozymes: advances and perspectives

Abstract

Abstract Natural enzymes are widely employed as powerful biocatalysts. However, their further application is limited by the intrinsic characteristics of enzymes. To overcome this drawback, nanomaterials with enzyme-mimicking performance (defined as nanozymes) have attracted tremendous attention in recent decades. To date, over 50 kinds of nanomaterials have been found to possess inherent enzyme-mimetic properties. Among these, metal–nitrogen–carbon (M-N-C) nanozymes are the most promising nanomaterials due to their satisfactory activity, tunable configuration and chemical stability. Consequently, it is of great research value to focus on progress in this field. In this review, we systematically summarize recent advances in M-N-C nanozymes with various enzyme-like properties, including peroxidase-like, oxidase-like, catalase-like, superoxide dismutase-like and multiple enzyme-like performances. Furthermore, strategies for regulating enzyme-like activity and substrate specificity are comprehensively highlighted at the atomic level. The introduction of heteroatoms, rational design of the coordination environment and engineering of M-N-C nanostructures are discussed by combining experimental investigations with theoretical explorations. These approaches can unveil the origins of and provide insights into the enzyme-like mechanisms. We also review recent progress with M-N-C nanozymes for sensing and biomedical applications. Finally, current challenges and future opportunities for the development of advantageous M-N-C nanozymes are also proposed. This review is expected to provide inspiration and guidelines for further research on the rational design of perfect nanozymes.