The new-type batteries with ultimate energy density

Abstract

AbstractIn recent years, many countries have made plans for the development of electric vehicles. In 2021, the EU announced a plan to completely stop the sale of fuel cars by 2035 and replace all fuel cars with pure electric vehicles, reducing the carbon emissions to 100%. This is the most radical emissions reduction plan in history, and it means that the era of pure electric cars has officially arrived. The limited energy density of lithium-ion batteries currently used in cars has hampered the development of electric vehicle mileage. To meet the demand for electric vehicles, the development and research of high energy density batteries are urgent. Based on a review of the current literature, this paper summarizes the development history, working principles, current challenges and solutions of the solid-state battery, lithium-air batteries and nuclear batteries. The current dilemma for solid-state batteries is the lack of a suitable solid electrolyte, which is needed to possess high ionic conductivity of above 10 (mS/cm) at room temperature and negligible electronic conductivity with a high ionic transference number wide electrochemical stability windows. Lithium-air batteries have low power density, battery energy attenuation, and high safety performance. The research and application of nuclear batteries are more difficult, including low energy conversion rate and health problem. The result provides some guidance to researchers initially involved in the high energy density battery industry.