Annual characteristics of gross primary productivity (GPP) in mangrove forest during 2016-2020 as revealed by Sentinel-2 remote sensing imagery

Abstract

Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most responsible gas in the phenomenon of global warming on earth because of its greatest concentration and longevity in the long atmosphere. Meanwhile mangrove is one of the blue carbon parameters that can take CO2 for photosynthesis and store it into biomass and sediment, so the existence of Mangrove plays a key role in the balance of the global carboncycle. Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) is one of the key variables in conducting a carboncycle study because the GPP values constitute the total value of carbon fixation by terrestrial ecosystem through vegetation photosynthesis. The aim of this study is to recognize the annual characteristics of GPP values in the mangrove ecosystem using remote sensing satellite Sentinel-2 during the period of 2016 to 2020 in TAHURA Ngurah Rai, Bali, Indonesia. The vegetation photosynthesis model (VPM) model is used to calculate annual GPP by using remote sensing indices of Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Land Surface Water Index (LSWI). Both remote sensing indices are supported by temperature and solar radiation data to determine photosynthesis fraction. The results of the current study indicated that the annual GPP values in the mangrove forest of TAHURA Ngurah Rai have decreased during the observation year. The total value of GPP in 2016 is reached to 28790 tC m−2 year−1, while the total amount of GPP value in 2020 decrease to 26223 tC m−2 year−1. The decline in GPP values may be due to changes of land cover and mangrove mortality that occurred around Benoa port in 2018.