Groundwater Exploration Within Shallow Depths Around Distinct Litho-Petrological Contact Zones

Abstract

Abstract The world’s increasing demand for freshwater has put a strain on existing reserves in recent years, necessitating further exploration of new groundwater reserves. However, geologic provinces located within the contact boundary of Sedimentary Basin-Basement Complex region are somewhat faced with the problem of shallow sediment thickness. As a result, exploring for groundwater poses a challenge as the sediment thickness might be insufficient to host productive aquifers. Hence, exploring for faults and fractures zones that are embedded on the hard rock underneath the sediment is very essential and complimentary. In this study, high resolution aeromagnetic data over a litho-petrological contact zone of the Middle Benue Trough (MBT) and the Adamawa Massif were analyzed to delineate groundwater exploration areas using a simplified qualitative and quantitative approach. Visual inspection of isolated and aggregate anomalies is performed by analyzing their shapes, dimensions, lateral extents, and discontinuities. Lineaments were then extracted from the residual magnetic map to determine faults, fractures, and joints. A two-source-depth model is indicated by the Spectral Analysis technique used to determine the thickness of the sediments in the area. The deeper source (Z1) has a thickness of 0.9 - 3.6 km, while the shallow source (Z2) has a thickness of 0.1 - 0.8 km. While in some areas the overburden thickness may be sufficient for groundwater exploration, in others it was not, as indicated by the shallow magnetic depth, Z2. Nonetheless, areas of shallow thickness but with aggregates of faults, fractures, and joints were identified as possible locations for groundwater accumulation through magnetic lineament exploration.