Potential utilization of ultrafine bubbles (UFB) technology in the cleaning process as a solution to replace the use of detergents and environmentally friendly: A review

Abstract

Abstract The waste generated by detergents is very damaging to the environment. The detergent consists of three main components: surfactants, building materials (phosphate compounds), and additives (bleach and fragrance). Surfactants widely used as detergents are generally anionic, and toxic, and can cause destabilization of living things. Therefore, finding a good solution to replace using detergents as an ingredient in the cleaning process is necessary. One of the best and environmentally friendly alternatives is using ultrafine bubbles, in the cleaning process. Ultrafine bubbles that are negatively charged and tend to collect positively charged matter. The cleaning power is enhanced by several effects of ultrafine bubbles such as; the degreasing effect, the effect of sloughing off deposits by getting between them and the cleaning agent, and the forces and shock waves when the gas bubbles burst. One of the big effects of ozonized ultrafine bubbles is very high detergency. Ozonized ultrafine bubbles have a degreasing effect of separating and removing oil as they penetrate the oil and between the boundaries with the adhering surface. Additionally, ozonized ultrafine bubbles can penetrate tight spaces between objects that touch each other, and when the ozonized nanobubbles coalesce into ozonized microbubbles, they can act as wedges to separate them.