Numerical investigation of double-diffusive mixed convection of Fe3O4/Cu/Al2O3-water nanofluid flow through a backward-facing-step channel subjected to magnetic field

Abstract

Purpose This study aims to investigate the buoyancy-induced heat and mass transfer phenomena in a backward-facing-step (BFS) channel subjected to applied magnetic field using different types of nanofluid. Design/methodology/approach Conservation equations of mass, momentum, energy and concentration are used through velocity-vorticity form of Navier–Stokes equations and solved using Galerkin’s weighted residual finite element method. The density variation is handled by Boussinesq approximation caused by thermo-solutal buoyancy forces evolved at the channel bottom wall having high heat and concentration. Simulations were carried out for the variation of Hartmann number (0 to 100), buoyancy ratio (−10 to +10), three types of water-based nanofluid i.e. Fe3O4, Cu, Al2O3 at χ = 6%, Re = 200 and Ri = 0.1. Findings The mutual interaction of magnetic force, inertial force and nature of thermal-solutal buoyancy forces play a significant role in the heat and mass transport phenomena. Results show that the size of the recirculation zone increases at N = 1 for aiding thermo-solutal buoyancy force, whereas the applied magnetic field dampened the fluid-convection process. With an increase in buoyancy ratio, Al2O3 nanoparticle shows a maximum 54% and 67% increase in convective heat and mass transfer, respectively at Ha = 20 followed by Fe3O4 and Cu. However, with increase in Ha the Nuavg and Shavg diminish by maximum 62.33% and 74.56%, respectively, for Fe3O4 nanoparticles at N = 5 followed by Al2O3 and Cu. Originality/value This research study numerically examines the sensitivity of Fe3O4, Cu and Al2O3 nanoparticles in a magnetic field for buoyancy-induced mixed convective heat and mass transfer phenomena in a BFS channel, which was not analyzed earlier.