Proliferation-competent Tcf1+ CD8 T cells in dysfunctional populations are CD4 T cell help independent

Abstract

T cell maintenance in chronic infection and cancer follows a hierarchical order. Short-lived effector CD8 T cells are constitutively replaced from a proliferation-competent Tcf1-expressing progenitor population. This occurs spontaneously at low levels and increases in magnitude upon blocking PD-1 signaling. We explore how CD4 T cell help controls transition and survival of the progenitors and their progeny by utilizing single-cell RNA sequencing. Unexpectedly, absence of CD4 help caused reductions in cell numbers only among terminally differentiated cells while proliferation-competent progenitor cells remained unaffected with regard to their numbers and their overall phenotype. In fact, upon restoration of a functional CD4 compartment, the progenitors began to regenerate the effector CD8 T cells. Thus, unlike memory T cells for which secondary expansion requires CD4 T cell help, this is not a necessity for proliferation-competent progenitor cells in dysfunctional populations. Our data therefore reveals that proliferation-competent cells in dysfunctional populations show a previously unrecognized uncoupling of CD4 T cell help that is otherwise required by conventional memory T cells.