Why sequence all eukaryotes?

Author:

Blaxter Mark1ORCID,Archibald John M.2ORCID,Childers Anna K.3ORCID,Coddington Jonathan A.4ORCID,Crandall Keith A.56ORCID,Di Palma Federica7ORCID,Durbin Richard18ORCID,Edwards Scott V.910ORCID,Graves Jennifer A. M.1112ORCID,Hackett Kevin J.13ORCID,Hall Neil14ORCID,Jarvis Erich D.1516,Johnson Rebecca N.17ORCID,Karlsson Elinor K.1819ORCID,Kress W. John20ORCID,Kuraku Shigehiro2122ORCID,Lawniczak Mara K. N.1,Lindblad-Toh Kerstin1923ORCID,Lopez Jose V.2425ORCID,Moran Nancy A.26ORCID,Robinson Gene E.2728ORCID,Ryder Oliver A.2930ORCID,Shapiro Beth31,Soltis Pamela S.3233ORCID,Warnow Tandy34ORCID,Zhang Guojie3536ORCID,Lewin Harris A.3738ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Wellcome Sanger Institute , Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom

2. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada

3. Bee Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD 20705

4. Global Genome Initiative, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution , Washington, DC 20560

5. Computational Biology Institute, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, George Washington University , Washington, DC 20052

6. Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution , Washington, DC 20013

7. School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia , Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom

8. Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 3EH, United Kingdom

9. Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, MA 02138

10. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University , Cambridge, MA 02138

11. School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University , Bundoora, VIC 751 23, Australia

12. University of Canberra , Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia

13. Crop Production and Protection, Office of National Programs, Agricultural Research Service, USDA , Beltsville, MD 20705

14. Earlham Institute , Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UZ, United Kingdom

15. Laboratory of the Neurogenetics of Language, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY 10065

16. Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Chevy Chase, MD 20815

17. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution , Washington, DC 20560

18. Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA 01605

19. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142

20. Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution , Washington, DC 20013-7012

21. Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology, National Institute of Genetics , Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan

22. Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research , Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan

23. Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University , Uppsala 751 23, Sweden

24. Department of Biological Sciences, Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University , Dania Beach, FL 33004

25. Guy Harvey Oceanographic Center , Dania Beach, FL 33004

26. Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX 78712

27. Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign , Urbana, IL 61801

28. Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign , Urbana, IL 61801

29. Conservation Genetics, Division of Biology, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, CA 92027

30. Department of Evolution, Behavior and Ecology, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, CA 92039

31. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064

32. Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611

33. Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611

34. Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign , Urbana, IL 61301

35. Villum Center for Biodiversity Genomics, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen 2100, Denmark

36. China National Genebank, Beijing Genomics Institute–Shenzhen , Shenzhen 518083, China

37. Department of Evolution and Ecology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California , Davis, CA 95616

38. Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California , Davis, CA 95616

Abstract

Life on Earth has evolved from initial simplicity to the astounding complexity we experience today. Bacteria and archaea have largely excelled in metabolic diversification, but eukaryotes additionally display abundant morphological innovation. How have these innovations come about and what constraints are there on the origins of novelty and the continuing maintenance of biodiversity on Earth? The history of life and the code for the working parts of cells and systems are written in the genome. The Earth BioGenome Project has proposed that the genomes of all extant, named eukaryotes—about 2 million species—should be sequenced to high quality to produce a digital library of life on Earth, beginning with strategic phylogenetic, ecological, and high-impact priorities. Here we discuss why we should sequence all eukaryotic species, not just a representative few scattered across the many branches of the tree of life. We suggest that many questions of evolutionary and ecological significance will only be addressable when whole-genome data representing divergences at all of the branchings in the tree of life or all species in natural ecosystems are available. We envisage that a genomic tree of life will foster understanding of the ongoing processes of speciation, adaptation, and organismal dependencies within entire ecosystems. These explorations will resolve long-standing problems in phylogenetics, evolution, ecology, conservation, agriculture, bioindustry, and medicine.

Funder

Wellcome

Publisher

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Subject

Multidisciplinary

Reference89 articles.

1. E. O. Wilson , Half-Earth: Our Planet’s Fight for Life ( Liveright Publishing , 2016 ).

2. Aristotle. On the parts of animals. Translated, with introduction and notes by W. Ogle ....

3. C. Linnaeus , Systema Naturae ( Holmiae Salvius , ed. 10 , 1758 ).

4. How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?

5. C. Darwin , The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life ( Penguin Classics Reprint , 1985 ; John Murray , ed. 1, 1859 ).

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