Visualizing active viral infection reveals diverse cell fates in synchronized algal bloom demise

Author:

Vincent FloraORCID,Sheyn UriORCID,Porat ZivORCID,Schatz DaniellaORCID,Vardi AssafORCID

Abstract

Marine viruses are the most abundant biological entity in the ocean and are considered as major evolutionary drivers of microbial life [C. A. Suttle, Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 5, 801–812 (2007)]. Yet, we lack quantitative approaches to assess their impact on the marine ecosystem. Here, we provide quantification of active viral infection in the bloom forming single-celled phytoplankton Emiliania huxleyi infected by the large virus EhV, using high-throughput single-molecule messenger RNA in situ hybridization (smFISH) of both virus and host transcripts. In natural samples, viral infection reached only 25% of the population despite synchronized bloom demise exposing the coexistence of infected and noninfected subpopulations. We prove that photosynthetically active cells chronically release viral particles through nonlytic infection and that viral-induced cell lysis can occur without viral release, thus challenging major assumptions regarding the life cycle of giant viruses. We could also assess active infection in cell aggregates linking viral infection and carbon export to the deep ocean [C. P. Laber et al., Nat. Microbiol. 3, 537–547 (2018)] and suggest a potential host defense strategy by enrichment of infected cells in sinking aggregates. Our approach can be applied to diverse marine microbial systems, opening a mechanistic dimension to the study of biotic interactions in the ocean.

Funder

EC | FP7 | FP7 Ideas: European Research Council

Israeli Academy of Science and Humanities

Publisher

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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